METHOD OF DISEASE CONTROL(QUARANTINE )

METHOD OF DISEASE CONTROL(QUARANTINE ):

Quarantine, the word quarantine is derived from Italian quaranta, meaning Forty, because originally ships and their passengers coming from a port where smallpox or their infectious diseases prevaild were detailied for a period of forty days.Today the word in general means the isolation of a person or an animal /sick with a contagious disease,  or it also refers to a place where the sick are detained a way from other animals until the danger of spread of a contagious disease has disappeared. In its wider application, the quarantine may be enforced against an individual animal, against all the animals, or all animals of the same species in a township, country or state and against those in a foreign country.

Legal quarantine:

There are legal provisions for the enforcement of a quarantine usually by the sheriff and occasionally aided by the militia ,though in regard to animals original authority in a country has been placed in the hands of the Veterinarian ,or for interstate or foreign quarantines. Livestock owners on their own initiative very frequently place in quarantine an individual animal or group of their animals for the purpose of controlling the spread of a contagious disease . They do this especially when their herds and flocks are already free from disease and they desire to add to them by a acquisition of new animals .These new animals are kept in isolation for so long as ninety days in extreme instances, or until persons concerned are satisfied after a conference with their Veterinarian that there is no longer any danger of contaminating their original animals with a contagious ailment.

The principles governing an effective quarantine are similar in general for individuals or for groups of animals.There must be no direct or indirect contact between the animals in quarantine and those not so restrained .It had its variations depending upon contagious of a disease or upon the volatility of its causative    factor .For example ,many parasitic disease of the skin ,including ̏Mange ̋ ,are not nearly so easily spread as is ̏ hog cholera̋ . Aquarantine does mean that animal affected with any one of the very large numbers of contagious disease must be kept sergregated in a separate barn or yard away from other   animals. Theoretically the quarantined animals should have separate attendants ,their own drinking vessels and other utensils as well as the usual barn equipment .If a separate attendant is not available , then the common attendant should take care of the sick group last and when he is through with them he must clean his  footware by thoroughly rubbing them on a mat saturated with a disinfectant ,as well as washing his hands .Soap in warm water is a mechanical remover of infection and in a limited manner is an antiseptic .In very highly volatile diseases ,such as foot and mouth disease of cattle ,fumigation of clothing or protection of the usual clothing by wearing of rubber outer garments may be necessary.

 DISINFICTING PREMISES:  

Cleaning premises must precede all other steps to again make them safe for animal occupation after an outbreak of a contagious disease .It is spoken of as disinfecting the premises .It includes the removed of all litter  and refuse ,and then disinfection .The latter implies the destruction of all disease –producing germ ; in a broader sense it may also include the destruction of parasitic factors .However it must be emphasized that many animal disease are contracted because of close contact between thee ailing and the well animal or stated another way the premises may be no more than of secondary importance in a matter of this nature .

Disinfection of premises will make animal quarters reasonably sanitary ,but the value of such a step is limited strictly to an attempt to preventing the premises from spreading disease ,and does not in any way control the disease due to the presence of the sub chronically infected animal or ̋carriers̏ in group.

On the other hand infected animals do contaminate premises with disease – producing factors that are in their urine, manure , and occasionally in their secretions and exhalations .Since the number and vigorot germs Is the greatest in the immediate area and vicinity occupied by the ailing animal therefor disinfection should be concentrated in such places.

The suggested steps premises disinfection are a Follows:

1-Since organic material such as manure and the usual animal habitation refuse protect germs and limits the action of disinfectants therefore such material must be removed .

First , moisten with water or a disinfectant so as to control dust and air – borne infections .This moistening should include all woodwork , and is to be followed by litter removal from night barns , night lots , feed sheds , small pastures and yards , and Fences , especially those of wood construction , and around hay and feed racks even though they have not been in use for some time. The walls and ceilings and other woodwork in barns and sheds must be thoroughly brushed or broom swept to remove cobwebs old scaled whitwash , and other objectionable material .

All burnable material removed by these steps is to be so destroyed , and the remainder may be spread out on arable land at some distance away , so that it will be fully exposed to the sun’s action .Old sacks may later be disinfected .

If building have dirt floors , at least three inches of his is to be removed , then applying a disinfectant to the exposed surface , and finally covering it with clean material such as fresh dirt , sand , gravel , or cinders.

2-If there is pools of water on the premises , these are either to be drained , or fenced off s that they will not be accessible to animals.

3-All feed in managers and feed boxes in the rooms that are to be disinfected is to be removed and burned , or it may be fed to livestock not susceptible to the disease against which the disinfection is being applied.

4-If water under pressure is available , it is an excellent plan to hose of everything that has previously had litter and other material removed from it .To follow this by a through scrubbing with scalding hot water t which some lye has been added will dissolve off good deal of the dirt , and besides , the hot water will kill worm eggs and the lye will destroy many types of germs .Use one pound of lye to 20 gallons of water .

5-Water troughs and feeding boxes and racks should be scrubbed with the lye solution in rediness for effective treatment with a disinfectant solution .Since there is a valid objection to the use of odorous disinfectants in the treatment of many utensils those constructed of metal may be satisfactorily handled by cleaning with hot water and soap , and then immersed.

6-The application of the disinfectant solution is best done by means of spray pump , so as to force it in all cracks and crevices in the woodwork.Applying it with a broom is of some whitewash (this must be fresh water – slaked lime) to the disinfectant solution is of value as it can then better be seen where the material has been applied .Blankets , robes , harness and other loose paraphernalia may be disinfected by immersing them for at least several hours in the disinfectant.